: JAPANESE POST-COLD WAR

The Emperor was retained as Head of State but no longer had no real power. A parliamentary democracy was established. In fact, the cautious Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in alliance with big(p) business dominated Japanese politics until 1993.

Under the damage of the 1951 Peace Treaty and the accompanying Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and pledge (the Security Treaty), Japan agreed to the retention by the fall in States of military bases on the mainland and American control over the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa). postwar Japanese governments allowed the get together States to use Japan as a logistic base during the Korean War and co-operated generally with the linked States to contain the Soviet threat throughout the Cold War. Japan, however, resisted American pressures to rearm, maintaining only token armed forces, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (SDF).

The Socialists or Social Democratic Party (SDPJ) provided the most vociferous opposite to any reassertion of Japanese military strength. In the 1950s, the Socialists choose their Three Principles of Peace, peace settlements, opposition to foreign military bases in Japan and neutrality in the cold war. Together with patience unions, women's groups and cultural organizations, they mounted massive demonstrations involving millions of Japanese against the renewal of

Despite discoveries of proven oil colour reserves in Vietnam, Indonesia and in the South and east China sea and boom outed oil production, almost all of the rapidly ontogenesis economies of East Asia are expected to become net oil importers just after the turn of the century. From a strategical standpoint, it is live to Japan that the critical sea lanes between the Middle East and Japan remain in friendly hands. It is in Japan's interest, which it is smartly pursuing, to develop the natural gas reserves of Indonesia as an election to oil, to work out a deal with the Russians on the building of the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline, and to continue to develop other alternative sources of energy, such(prenominal) as solar energy and environmentally friendly uses for China's grown coal deposits.

Domestic political considerations have thus furthest served to restrain and interfere with efforts by the Japanese government to expand its overseas military role. Since 1992, the LDP has needed coalition partners to rule. A succession of party coalition governments have failed to hold office for real long. Several of them have fallen over political scandals and charges of corruption. The economical expert says that "Japan has descended into multi-party confusion."

Even before the demise of the Soviet amount as a superpower, Japan began to assert itself more forcefully as a world power and to redefine its strategic role in the world. One factor behind this victimization was increasing trade friction with its principal trading partner, the United States. By 1994, its trade surplus with the United States had reached $145.8 billion, resulting in a tremendous revaluation of the yen in relation to the dollar. The American government came under strong pressure to take a tougher stance with Japan in trade negotiations. Japan-bashing became popular in American circles. Some Americans began to perceive Japan as a potential military as well as an economic threat. In 1995, Layne said that "historians may well wond
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