Peru & Ecuador

In the background of the conflict among Ecuador and Peru over the border that ended with the Rio Protocol of 1942 is a protracted history of territorial sovereignty in the Andean region that derives partly from Spanish imperial dominance of in the south American colonies, partly from the manner in which national independency was gained in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia, partly from purely technical problems associated with the topography of the Andean countries, and partly from the manner in which virtually all negotiations and arbitrations of territorial boundaries advance to have been conducted. In this regard, Zook (1964) chronicles the details of all such negotiations since 1830, the course establishment of a republic in the country, citing a manikin of double dealing and half truths on the part of some(prenominal) Peruvian and Ecuadorian ministers within the negotiations. Erickson, et al., summarize the origins of territorial junks and admiration between Peru and Ecuador in this way:

The current dispute with Peru has its root in the colonial past. When the Audiencia of capital of Ecuador was first established in 1563, it consisted of a 720,000-square-mile subdivision of the Viceroyalty of Peru . . . . Its coast was twice the present continuance . . .

The immediate cause of the dispute between Ecuador and Peru was the Royal Decree of 1802, which transferred the province of Maynas (including all or most of Ecuador's viragoian lowlands) to Lima's jurisdiction. The grounds for the transfer were the complaints of missionaries and others in Maynas concerning the difficulty of communicating with Bogota and the threats of Portuguese expansion into the territory. Neither Bogota nor Quito appeared capable of effectively defending the territory against Portuguese incursions (Erickson, et al., 1966, pp. 287-8).

Tudela, F. (1941). The disputation between Peru and Ecuador [trans]. Lima: Imprenta Torres Aguirre.

ws removed from Lima's jurisdiction and included in the newly formed Viceroyalty of New Granada . . . and in the process was cut back to approximately 400,000 square miles.

Within a few old age Quito was again transferred to the Viceroyalty of Peru, where it remained until 1739, when it was returned to Bogota's jurisdiction.

Between 1830 and 1942, there were three major and numerous minor attempts to resolve the border question between Peru and Ecuador. The Garcia-Herrera Treaty of 1890 was the first meaningful result, "which divided the disputed theatre of operations roughly in half, giving Ecuador an outlet on the Maranon, however not on the Amazon proper" (Erickson, 1966, p. 289). Peru ratified the agreement only on condition that Ecuador relinquish even that river outlet. Meanwhile, Ecuador considered the Amazon its own for psychological reasons. In this connection, Enock indicates that the remoteness of the region, "composed of roughly impenetrable forests and malarious swamps, separated by hundreds of miles from any civilized center," nether dispute creates a perplexing geopolitical situation: "nether such conditions the bitterness of contention and difficulty of settlement await a matter for surprise, viewed dispassionately" (Enock, 1914, p. 95). Yet the emotional addition to the land is equally evident in the psychological histor
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